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- GM crops: limitations, risks, alternatives; research
recommended for general readers
- http://www.gmwatch.org/images/stories/gm-cropsgm-watch-version.pdf [212K] (2009)
- GeneWatch UK
extensive and authoritative resource base
- http://www.genewatch.org
- Herbicide tolerance & GM crops
report: glyphosate products can have adverse health impacts
- https://www.gmfreeze.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/GlyphoReport-2012.pdf [2458K]
- GM crops - the health effects
Important review of latest research, 2008 [169K]
- http://web.archive.org/web/20090909152818/http://www.soilassociation.org
-
Long term toxicity of Roundup & -tolerant GM maize
Seralini's two year study 2012 [2239K]
- https://www.gmoseralini.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/GES-final-study-19.9.121.pdf
-
The problem with nutritionally enhanced plants
Potential risks to human health (Schubert, 2008) [78K]
- https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/jmf.2008.0094
- GMO Evidence
database of worldwide evidence of harm associated with GM & glyphosate
- https://www.gmoevidence.com/
- Unintended changes in GM rice & maize
Research (2008, 2010) refutes 'substantial equivalence'
- https://www.gmwatch.org/en/?option=com_content&view=article&id=12278
- DNA from GM plants found in milk & animal tissue Survey (2010) rebuts bio-industry claims
- http://www.testbiotech.org/en/node/404
- Roundup and birth defects shows industry & regulators kept quiet on risks of glyphosate herbicide
- http://earthopensource.org/earth-open-source-reports/roundup-and-birth-defects-is-the-public-being-kept-in-the-dark/
- GMOSeralini
Significant GM food hazards research by Prof G-E Seralini (CRIIGEN)
- https://www.gmoseralini.org/en/
- Dr.Árpád Pusztai
industry scientist sacked for voicing concerns (attacks on him documented)
- http://web.archive.org/web/20100715235435/www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/a.pusztai/
- GM Potato Controversy
Dr Pusztai's own account of his research and subsequent events
- http://foodconsumer.org/7777/8888/L_aws_amp_P_olitics_42/032810282007_GM_Potato_Controversy_-_A_case_with_disturbing_implications_for_present_day_science.shtml
- GM Food/Feed: gaps in research
Important 2003 lecture by Dr Pusztai, with review paper
-
http://web.archive.org/web/20151022025256/www.leopold.iastate.edu/news/calendar/2003-12-01/
- Distinct properties of natural & GM Cry proteins
Bt insecticides in GM crops, more toxic, hit non-target species (2017)
- https://biosafety-info.net/articles/assessment-impacts/risk-assessment/bt-toxins-in-gm-crops-more-toxic-than-natural-bt-toxins/
- Genetically engineered animals - From Lab to Factory Farm Friends of the Earth U.S. 2019
- https://foe.org/gmo-animals-2019 [10.5 MB]
- Bioscience Resource Project US website with high quality scientific info & analysis
- https://bioscienceresource.org/
- TWN Biotechnology & Biosafety
Series of important papers on problems of GM
- https://biosafety-info.net/publications/biotechnology-biosafety-series/ [to find title no.]
- Science as a smokescreen? Critique of UK Farm Scale GM Crop Trials methodology (+ glossary), FoE
- https://friendsoftheearth.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/science_smokescreen.pdf [793K]
- GM Free Cymru Crucial Papers
significant research on health effects of GM food [scroll down]
- http://www.gmfreecymru.org.uk/pivotal.htm
- Terminator & Traitor Technology
GM plants (under test) that render sterile seeds
- http://www.etcgroup.org/issues/terminator-new-enclosures
- EcoNexus
research organisation provides valuable scientific critiques of GE
- http://www.econexus.info
- Biotechnology reports
(Institute of Science In Society)
- http://www.i-sis.org.uk/biotechnology.php
- Synthetic Biology: creating artificial life-forms
several introductory papers
- http://www.etcgroup.org/issues/synthetic-biology
- New weapons of GE
Introduction to artificial chromosomes & transformed organelles
- https://www.grain.org/article/entries/705-the-new-weapons-of-genetic-engineering
- Scientists for Global Responsibility
UK group promotes ethical science & technology
- https://www.sgr.org.uk/resources/emerging-technologies
- Insulin Dependent Diabetes Trust
advice on potential dangers of prescription 'human' insulin (GE)
- https://www.iddtinternational.org/gmvsanimalinsulin/index.htm?page_id=61
- {NEW} GMO Research database
studies of risks or harms from GMOs & related chemicals (2012)
- https://gmoresearch.org/
- New plant breeding techniques & risks associated
report by Austrian Environment Agency (2014)
- https://www.ekah.admin.ch/inhalte/ekah-dateien/New_Plant_Breeding_Techniques_UBA_Vienna_2014_2.pdf [1.45M]
- New techniques for the alteration of the living
Biotech advances explained (2012)
- https://www.infogm.org/Alteration-of-the-living-new
- Plant & Soil Sciences eLibrary
Nebraska University teaching materials
- https://passel2.unl.edu/
- On-line Biology Book
US textbook, by Michael J. Farabee, includes genetics
- http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
- Biosafety First Holistic approaches to risk & uncertainty in genetic engineering & GMOs (online book, 2009)
- https://genok.com/capacity-building/biosafety-first/
- Global GMO Free Coalition
offers independent, unbiased information for better regulation
- https://www.gmofreeglobal.org/en/
- Biosafety Information Centre
Important source on GE practice & developing world issues
- http://www.biosafety-info.net
- Escape of GE organisms & transboundary movements
Review of cases & synbio risks [3.7M]
-
http://www.testbiotech.org/sites/default/files/Testbiotech_Transgene_escape_II_en.pdf
- Trends in glyphosate herbicide use
Research shows huge hike in use due to GMHT crops (2016)
- https://gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/16699
- GM Cotton in Africa
Foreign capital and impact on small farms in east & south (2017) [2.9MB]
- https://acbio.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GM-Cotton-US-Chinese-WEB.pdf
- Failed promises
The rise and fall of GM cotton in India (and elsewhere)(2017) [765K]
- https://www.soilassociation.org/media/13510/failed-promises-e-version.pdf
- Transgenic Crops: hazards & uncertainties
Studies disregarded by GMO regulators (2015)
- http://www.mda.gov.br/sitemda/sites/sitemda/files/user_img_1756/Transgenic%20Crops_WEB_LEVE.pdf [1.5M]
- Who benefits from GM crops? 2014 Reports more countries suspending GM crops
- http://www.foei.org/en/what-we-do/food-sovereignty/latest-news/who-benefits-from-gm-crops-2014
- Who benefits from GM crops? Earlier yearly reports: business practices, agricultural outcomes
- http://www.foei.org/en/resources/publications/pdfs/2011/who-benefits-from-gm-crops
- The GMO Emperor has no clothes
detailed 2011 report on failed promises worldwide
- https://navdanyainternational.org/publications/the-gmo-emperor-has-no-clothes/
- GM Crops - a decade of failure
Friends of the Earth International report 23/2/04
- http://www.foei.org/en/media/archive/2004/0219.html
- Global status of GE crops 2006 report shows exaggerated claims & widespread rejection
- http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/reports/global-status-of-genetically-e/ [archived]
- GRAIN International NGO promotes sustainable & equitable agriculture, studies biotech impacts
- https://www.grain.org
- Focus on Asia Important review exposes how the GM crop industry targets developing countries
- http://web.archive.org/web/20080209054322/http://www.gmwatch.org/asia.html
- GM crops in developing countries
Christian Aid's concerns
- http://www.biosafety-info.net/article.php?aid=180
- Bilateral free trade agreements - seen by industry as important for spreading GM worldwide
- https://www.bilaterals.org/?bilateral-free-trade-and
-
The world trade system
how it works and what's wrong with it, FoEI, 2003
- http://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/worldtradesystem.pdf [579K]
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FAO Organic Agriculture Programme
UN Food & Agriculture Organisation: studies, links
- http://www.fao.org/organicag/en/
-
Land of the GM-Free?
New US developments, Oct. 2008: labelling, crops, milk [986K]
- http://web.archive.org/web/20101130071610/http://soilassociation.org
- L-tryptophan tragedy investigated 37 deaths & 1500 disabled by GE food supplement (USA)
- https://responsibletechnology.org/?s=tryptophan (see also GM Basics)
- Center for Food Safety (USA) involved in legal actions; published "Monsanto vs US farmers"
- http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/
-
Food Safety/Label GMOs
reports by Consumers Union, campaign for GMO labels (USA)
- https://www.consumerreports.org/search/?query=gmo&n=section:Food
- Union of Concerned Scientists (USA) several important reports
- https://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture
-
US lawsuit includes US regulator (FDA) documents 1991-3 revealing GM food risks
- http://biointegrity.org
- Canadian Biotechnology Action Network
campaign on main issues of GM concern
- https://cban.ca
- ETC
(formerly Rural Advancement Foundation Int) (Canada)
- http://www.etcgroup.org/
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990)
was updated in 2008. Human Genetics Alert (below) has concerns over the creation
of GM embryos and human/animal hybrid embryos, and their website has
introductory information and links relevant to the Act. The Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority (HFEA) narrowly avoided being axed in 2010.
- Why clone humans?
Introduction, also compares embryonic with adult stem cell research
- http://www.i-sis.org.uk/whyclone.php
- How we regulate
The HFEA regulates clinics and research projects involving human embryos
- https://www.hfea.gov.uk/about-us/how-we-regulate/
- Human Genetics Alert
Independent watchdog, opposed to certain developments
- http://www.hgalert.org
- Human Genetics Commission
UK Government's advisors (www.hgc.gov.uk) defunct 2012
- For comment, refer to http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org (US)
- US pro sports asked to ban gene doping
Gene therapy methods abused in sport (18/11/08)
- https://foe.org/news/2008-11-pro-sports-asked-to-ban-gene-doping/
- Smart Breeding 'Marker assisted selection', non-invasive alternative to GE, 2014 [1.7M]
- http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/agriculture/2014/468-SmartBreeding.pdf
- Future of Rice: sustainable solutions for production covers 'marker assisted selection' (2006)[936K]
- https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/11/future-of-rice.pdf
- Biofuelwatch
EU campaign, highlights environmental impacts of global biofuel market
- https://www.biofuelwatch.org.uk/
- Microalgae Biofuels: Myths and Risks
introductory look at hype, risks & misplaced investment (2017)
- https://foe.org/resources/synbio-algae-report/
- Tiny Ingredients, big risks
reports on the prevalence and risks of nanomaterials
- https://foe.org/projects/nanotechnology/
- Nanotechnology
Latest developments & problems, seen from a US perspective
- https://www.iatp.org/keyword/nanotechnology
- Nanotoxicity in regulatory vacuum
ISIS analyses nanotech toxicity & recent deaths
- http://www.i-sis.org.uk/nanotoxicityInRegulatoryVacuum.php
- Nanotechnologies & Food
House of Lords report criticises industry research on dangers
- https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldsctech.htm
- Nanotechnology
Recent articles from 'The Guardian', mostly upbeat
- https://www.theguardian.com/science/nanotechnology
- Bioengineering Government response (2011) to Science & Technology Committee report
- http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmsctech/1138/113804.htm
- AEBC
Agriculture & Environment Biotechnology Commission (quasi-independent, ended 4/05)
- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100419143351/http://www.aebc.gov.uk/
- ACRE
Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment (advises UK govt)
- https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/advisory-committee-on-releases-to-the-environment
- ACRE report on Farm Scale Evaluations
UK trials of GM crops, Jan 2004 [120K]
- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080727101330/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/acre/advice/pdf/acre_advice44.pdf
- DEFRA
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (responsible for GM releases)
- https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/making-the-food-and-farming-industry-more-competitive-while-protecting-the-environment/supporting-pages/genetic-modification
- Farm Scale Trials of GM crops
(DEFRA/Govt briefing)
- https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080306073937/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/gm/fse/
- Results of Farm Scale Trials of GM crops Oct 2003
(Royal Society journal papers)
- https://royalsocietypublishing.org/toc/rstb/358/1439
- Evaluating the Farm Scale Trials of GM crops Environmental Audit Committee report March 2004 [272K]
- http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmenvaud/90/90.pdf
- Evaluating the Farm Scale Trials of GM crops Government response to Audit Committee report above [698K]
- http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmenvaud/564/564.pdf
- House of Commons debate Farm Scale Trials of GM crops
3 hour debate 5/5/04
- https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040505/debtext/40505-26.htm#40505-26_head0
- Food Standards Agency
(UK Government department)
- https://www.food.gov.uk/
- Animal cloning for food production
Food Standards Agency report, UK govt & EC policies
- http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/board/fsa101204.pdf (archived 2015) [319K]
- Dean Review of Food Standards Agency
notes criticism of pro-GM, anti-organics bias (2005)
- http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/deanreviewfinalreport.pdf [573K](archived 2014)
- Newcastle Human Feeding Trial
Risks associated with GMOs in human foods 2003
- http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/gmnewcastlereport.PDF (archived 2012) [543K]
- GM crops: Costs & Benefits
Prime Minister's Strategy Unit report 11/7/03
- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/strategy/work_areas/gm_crops.aspx
- GM Nation?
UK Public Debate July 2003
- follow link above for details & archive
- GM Planting Regime Good report to Parliament on coexistence of GM & non-GM crops 7/04
- http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmenvfru/607/607.pdf [903K]
- GM Planting Regime Government reply to above report, paves way for GM contamination 10/04
- http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmenvfru/1128/1128.pdf [90K]
- GM Science Review
GM Science Review Panel report to Govt 21/7/03
- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081201235644/http://www.gmsciencedebate.org.uk/
- Comments on GM Science Review Important critique by Econexus and others 14/10/03
- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081201235644/http://www.gmsciencedebate.org.uk/report/comment/default.htm
- House of Commons debate GM Science Review
Contentious points discussed 11/11/03
- http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo031111/halltext/31111h01.htm
- Persistence of oilseed rape seeds Research shows GM seeds survive up to 15 years 8/05
- https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2005.3166
- Government Information & Search Particularly good for UK functions, includes Scottish links
- https://www.gov.uk
-
HANSARD
record of Westminster Parliamentary proceedings
- https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/
-
The UK Parliament
Parliament at Westminster
- https://www.parliament.uk/
- UK Food Law
Reading University guide
- http://www.reading.ac.uk/foodlaw/
- Trading Standards Institute
consumer protection advice and information
- https://www.tradingstandards.uk/consumers
All aspects of GM - health, environment and agriculture - are 'devolved'
issues. In practice however the influences of Westminster and Whitehall (UK Civil
Service) are still crucial. A fair
amount of discussion has now taken place in the Scottish Parliament,
much of it at a fairly elementary level. There is a significant industry influence evident (e.g. in presentations to the Committees). Access to Official Reports
and Minutes can be gained by the links below.
Two public petitions were submitted in late 1999 / early 2000: PE51
by Friends of the Earth and PE60 by the Scottish Green Party. Consequently,
the Transport and the Environment Committee was involved from 29/3/00 until its final report in early 2001. The Rural Affairs Committee
was also involved (4/7/00) as well as the Health and Community Care Committee. A debate took place
in the Scottish Parliament on 23/3/00. Another petition PE470 was
submitted by the Munlochy Vigil and dealt with initially by the Transport
and the Environment Committee (12/3/02 to 15/5/02
) and then by the Health and Community Care Committee (19/6/02) until its final report on 14/1/03
(subsequently dismissed by the Scottish Executive/Government). A second debate
was held in the Parliament on 29/5/02, where voting was again strictly along party lines.
Mark Ruskell, Green Party MSP, prepared the groundwork for a GM Liability Bill in November 2003, but progress was halted in late 2005, due to restrictions on drafting resources.
In March 2004, Scottish Ministers approved Chardon GM maize for planting but asked farmers not to grow it. The subsequent debates (on 18th March and on 25th March)
in the Parliament rubber stamped that decision despite opposition by
the Greens. (The Chardon application was later withdrawn by the
manufacturer Bayer.)
In July 2007 the new Scottish Government (Scottish National Party) confirmed that it would maintain a moratorium
on the planting of GM crops in Scotland - "This respects the consumers
who demand locally-produced conventional and organic food."
A debate in the Parliament on 1st April 2009 supported conventional plant breeding while setting out extensive arguments against GM crops.
Environmental Liability Regulations were approved in June 2009, encompassing GM pollution of the environment. But it is now seems unlikely the mooted public consultation on the 'coexistence' of GM and conventional crops will occur. (See 'Hot Topic: Coexistence')
Since 2009 the Scottish Government has published several discussion papers on the food chain: "Recipe for Success", "Becoming a Good Food Nation" and "The Future of Scottish Agriculture". While setting out broadly sensible goals, these have all been fairly bland - See 'Hot Topic - Scotland's Food and Drink Policy'.
In 2015, the Rural Affairs Secretary, Richard Lochhead, confirmed the Scottish Government would use newly introduced EU rules to allow Scotland to opt out of growing GM crops. (See also Archive 9/8/15)
- Scottish Parliament - homepage
- http://www.parliament.scot
- Scottish Government GM page The Scottish Govt.(formerly 'Executive') controls 'devolved' issues
- https://www.gov.scot/policies/agriculture-and-the-environment/gm-crops/
- Scotland's Legislation
browse any type of Scotland-related legislation
- http://www.legislation.gov.uk/browse/scotland
Prior to 'Brexit' in 2020, GM food and animal feed regulations generated within the European
Union were of crucial importance since these translated more or less directly
into UK law. But while the UK Government argued that its powers to control
GM were limited by European law, in fact its representatives in Brussels generally
voted in favour of the industry. Some of the more important regulations at present
are listed below, but these will quickly become irrelevant, at least in English law, since the UK Conservative Government has made clear its intention to minimise biotech regulation. The official memos following provide a background
and GeneWatch have also prepared additional guidance.
- Regulation of GMOs in the EU Questions and Answers Mar. 2007 (MEMO/07/117)
- http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-07-117_en.htm?locale=en
- EC 2014 audit of GM controls careful analysis shows significant gaps in enforcement
- https://gmwatch.org/en/news/archive/2015-articles/15922
- European Commission - Biotechnology important site, unfriendly (use Javascript)
- http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/gmo/index_en.htm
-
Too close for comfort
FoE analysis of biotech lobby's influence on the Commission 10/07
- http://www.foeeurope.org/corporates/pdf/too-close-for-comfort.pdf [610K]
- Risks & side effects
examines flawed EU risk assessment of GM food & feed (6/16)
- https://www.testbiotech.org/en/node/1670
- EFSA guidance on risk assessment of GM plants useful critique by Testbiotech 12/10 [149K]
- http://www.testbiotech.org/sites/default/files/Testbiotech_comment_on_EFSA_%20Guidance_ERA.pdf
- Conflicts of interest at EFSA
failings of food safety regulator due to links with industry 2013
- https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2a98/5111624b1b6f26ccc6846e19671f55ca5f00.pdf [87K]
- Critique of European Food Safety Authority
exposes regulatory bias favouring GM 11/04
- http://www.foeeurope.org/GMOs/publications/EFSAreport.pdf [118K]
- Risk assessment of genetically engineered organisms in EU & Switzerland
4 year study on food plants, 2020
- https://www.testbiotech.org/en/content/research-project-rages
- Submission by European Commission to WTO
reveals safety concerns (leaked to FOE 2/05)
- http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2005/february/tradoc_121552.pdf [337K]
- Hidden uncertainties EC papers to WTO reveal questionable safety of GM food & crops 4/06
- http://www.foeeurope.org/publications/2006/hidden_uncertainties.pdf [147K]
- Plant Gene Risk
Useful database on the authorisation of GM plants in the EU
- http://www.testbiotech.org/en/database
- Euginius unified database
German/Dutch reference database of GMOs
- http://www.euginius.eu
- Community register of GM food & feed with useful authorisation details
- http://ec.europa.eu/food/dyna/gm_register/index_en.cfm
- Coexistence of GM crops with conventional & organic European Commission's view
- http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/coexistence/index_en.htm
- Europa search tool European Parliament search engine, powerful if used carefully
- http://europa.eu/rapid/search.htm
- European Parliament UK Office
'local perspective', generally helpful
- http://www.europarl.europa.eu/unitedkingdom/
- Europa - European
Parliament A vast amount of information - use the Site Map (below)
- https://europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en?language=en
- European
Parliament Site Map Useful information index (c.f. Searches are tricky)
- http://www.europarl.europa.eu/tools/map/default_en.htm
- The Royal Society
the UK National Academy of Science
- https://royalsociety.org
- ABC - Agricultural Biotechnology Council six biotech companies provide UK information & education
- http://www.abcinformation.org/
- Genetic Literacy Project
US outreach, with educational material and official briefings
- https://geneticliteracyproject.org/
- National Centre for Biotechnology Education
University of Reading services to schools
- http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/MATERIALS/Microbiology/transformation.html
- GM Watch Portal exposes people & groups that push GM technology. Recommended.
- http://powerbase.info/index.php/GM_Watch:_Portal
-
GM World News cuttings archive, research Impressive archive 1998-2005
- http://www.connectotel.com/gmfood/
-
GM Watch Highly recommended, indispensable for current news & archive
- https://www.gmwatch.org/en/
-
Rob Edwards
- former Environment Editor, Sunday Herald, now with The Ferret
-
https://www.robedwards.com/gm/index.html
-
GM-Free Ireland Current news and archive
- https://www.facebook.com/GMfreeIreland
-
New Scientist
- popular UK science weekly
-
https://www.newscientist.com/
-
UK National Archives
Current official UK archive
- http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk
-
Internet Archive Wayback Machine
global archive - US daytime load may be heavy
- http://web.archive.org
- Guardian/Observer news archive
searching requires subscription (but see Hints)
-
https://www.theguardian.com/info/2017/jun/26/how-to-access-guardian-and-observer-digital-archive
Some information sources are distinctly selective in their presentation,
or omission, of factual information - many GM-concern groups now regard the
UK government, the European Commission and other organisations such as the Royal Society
as "pro-GM". Also, mainstream and 'science' media often repackage industry
statements without much critical analysis. Therefore when evaluating any
particular report, it makes sense to consider whether the picture presented
might in fact be skewed in favour of business interests, as distinct from
offering "just the plain facts". Likewise, it is important to differentiate
between opinion and speculation on the one hand, and published research, or
the lack of it. Back to: Science Reference Govt UK Govt Scottish Govt European Pro-GM organisations News & Archives
To search the Internet there are many different search engines available and it is best to be aware of any preference or bias by the engine in use (e.g. towards commercial interests). Note the display of "Sponsored Ads" and whether they are at all relevant to your query. Personal privacy may also be compromised when a user's search data is collated and shared with third parties for targeted advertising. You may wish to consider Startpage, an advanced search tool, that claims to respect the privacy of searches, or Everyclick (which raises money for charity).
Take care to use appropriate search terms - some search engines handle plurals badly (e.g. "GMO" may not find "GMOs"). Some websites provide their own 'search' facility, but this may prove
ineffectual - for example, the europa (European Parliament) website allows a keyword search on "OGM" (French) but not "GMO". However, any website can be searched by means of
DuckDuckGo, another discreet search engine, as follows: Into its search box type your query text, then a space, then site: then the website address (URL), e.g.
"GM crops" site:www.gov.scot
Find Location Site Map